High Young&#39;s modulus thermoelastic ink jet printing mechanism

ABSTRACT

An ink jet nozzle arrangement includes a nozzle chamber interconnected to an ink supply and having an ink ejection port in one wall thereof. An ejection paddle is provided for the ejection of ink from the ink ejection port. The thermal actuator comprises materials having a high young&#39;s modulus which produce a bending motion upon heating thereby causing the ejection paddle to eject ink from the ink ejection port.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, U.S. patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.

CROSS-REFERENCED U.S. patent application AUSTRALIAN (CLAIMING RIGHT OF PROVISIONAL PRIORITY FROM AUSTRALIAN DOCKET PATENT NO. PROVISIONAL APPLICATION) NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 09/112,748 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 09/112,740 ART13 PO7997 09/112,739 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 09/113,058 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 09/112,804 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 09/113,055 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ART57 PO9396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 09/112,829 ART59 PO9398 09/112,792 ART60 PO9399 09/112,791 ART61 PO9400 09/112,790 ART62 PO9401 09/112,789 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 09/112,795 ART65 PO9405 09/112,749 ART66 PP0959 09/112,784 ART68 PP1397 09/112,783 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 Fluid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 09/112,751 IJ01 PO8072 09/112,787 IJ02 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 IJ12 PO8036 09/112,818 IJ13 PO8048 09/112,816 IJ14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 IJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PP3985 09/112,820 IJ44 PP3983 09/112,821 IJ45 PO7935 09/112,822 IJM01 PO7936 09/112,825 IJM02 PO7937 09/112,826 IJM03 PO8061 09/112,827 IJM04 PO8054 09/112,828 IJM05 PO8065 09/113,111 IJM06 PO8055 09/113,108 IJM07 PO8053 09/113,109 IJM08 PO8078 09/113,123 IJM09 PO7933 09/113,114 IJM10 PO7950 09/113,115 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 09/113,125 IJM14 PO8073 09/113,126 IJM15 PO8076 09/113,119 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 09/113,221 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 09/113,118 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 09/113,113 IJM22 PO8074 09/113,130 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 09/113,112 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 IJM27 PO8045 09/113,089 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 09/112,769 IJM31 PO9392 09/112,770 IJM32 PP0889 09/112,798 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 09/112,800 IJM37 PP0874 09/112,799 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 09/112,833 IJM40 PP2591 09/112,832 IJM41 PP3990 09/112,831 IJM42 PP3986 09/112,830 IJM43 PP3984 09/112,836 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 09/113,102 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 09/112,810 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 09/113,085 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 09/112,773 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 09/112,775 IR19 PP0880 09/112,745 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 09/113,100 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 09/113,064 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 09/113,081 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 09/113,079 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of inkjet printing and, in particular, discloses a High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Inkjet Printer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many different types of printing have been invented, a large number of which are presently in use. The known forms of print have a variety of methods for marking the print media with a relevant marking media. Commonly used forms of printing include offset printing, laser printing and copying devices, dot matrix type impact printers, thermal paper printers, film recorders, thermal wax printers, dye sublimation printers and ink jet printers both of the drop on demand and continuous flow type. Each type of printer has its own advantages and problems when considering cost, speed, quality, reliability, simplicity of construction and operation etc.

In recent years, the field of ink jet printing, wherein each individual pixel of ink is derived from one or more ink nozzles has become increasingly popular primarily due to its inexpensive and versatile nature.

Many different techniques on ink jet printing have been invented. For a survey of the field, reference is made to an article by J Moore, “Non-Impact Printing: Introduction and Historical Perspective”, Output Hard Copy Devices, Editors R Dubeck and S Sherr, pages 207-220 (1988).

Ink Jet printers themselves come in many different types. The utilisation of a continuous stream of ink in ink jet printing appears to date back to at least 1929 wherein U.S. Pat. No. 1,941,001 by Hansell discloses a simple form of continuous stream electro-static ink jet printing.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,275 by Sweet also discloses a process of a continuous ink jet printing including the step wherein the ink jet stream is modulated by a high frequency electro-static field so as to cause drop separation. This technique is still utilized by several manufacturers including Elmjet and Scitex (see also U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,437 by Sweet et al)

Piezo-electric ink jet printers are also one form of commonly utilized ink jet printing device. Piezo-electric systems are disclosed by Kyser et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 (1970) which utilizes a diaphragm mode of operation, by Zolten in U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212 (1970) which discloses a squeeze mode of operation of a piezo electric crystal, Stemme in U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 (1972) discloses a bend mode of piezo-electric operation, Howkins in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,601 discloses a Piezo electric push mode actuation of the ink jet stream and Fischbeck in U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 which discloses a shear mode type of piezo-electric transducer element.

Recently, thermal ink jet printing has become an extremely popular form of ink jet printing. The ink jet printing techniques include those disclosed by Endo et al in GB 2007162 (1979) and Vaught et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728. Both the aforementioned references disclose ink jet printing techniques which rely upon the activation of an electrothermal actuator which results in the creation of a bubble in a constricted space, such as a nozzle, which thereby causes the ejection of ink from an aperture connected to the confined space onto a relevant print media. Printing devices utilizing the electro-thermal actuator are manufactured by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett Packard.

As can be seen from the foregoing, many different types of printing technologies are available. Ideally, a printing technology should have a number of desirable attributes. These include inexpensive construction and operation, high speed operation, safe and continuous long term operation etc. Each technology may have its own advantages and disadvantages in the areas of cost, speed, quality, reliability, power usage, simplicity of construction, operation, durability and consumables.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide for an alternative form of inkjet printer device which includes a High Young's modulus actuation mechanism so as to provide enhanced performance.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an ink jet nozzle arrangement for the ejection of ink from a nozzle chamber including a nozzle chamber interconnected to an ink supply and having an ink ejection port in one wall thereof; an ejection paddle for the ejection of ink from the ink ejection port; a thermal actuator mechanism attached to an ejection paddle for the actuation of the ejection paddle causing the ejection of ink; wherein the thermal actuator comprises materials having a high young's modulus which produces a bending motion upon heating thereby causing the ejection paddle to eject ink from the ink ejection port.

The thermal actuator can be pivoted so as to increase the degree of travel of the ejection paddle upon actuation of the thermal actuator and can be of a horseshoe shaped form and pivoted substantially around a midpoint. The pivot point can be constructed on a wall of the chamber by means of a thinned membrane, thereby allowing the thermal actuator to operate in the ambient atmosphere. The nozzle chamber is constructed on a silicon wafer and the ink is supplied through the silicon wafer.

The thermal actuator can be constructed from a thin conductive section having a high young's modulus and a substantially thicker non conductive portion. The thin conductive portion can comprise titanium diboride and the thicker portion can comprise glass.

The nozzle chamber walls can include a number of small sacrificial etchant holes for utilization in construction of the arrangement, the holes being of sufficiently small diameter so as to prevent the ejection of ink therefrom. The arrangement can be constructed using micro-electro mechanical systems techniques including a sacrificial etch and the ejection paddle is released in the sacrificial etch to be in a prefiring position.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a nozzle arrangement in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the nozzle arrangement of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3 to 5 illustrate the operation of the nozzle arrangement

FIG. 6 illustrates an array of nozzle arrangements for use with an inkjet printhead.

FIG. 7 provides a legend of the materials indicated in FIG. 8 to 19; and

FIG. 8 to FIG. 19 illustrate sectional views of the manufacturing steps in one form of construction of an ink jet printhead nozzle.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

In the preferred embodiment, the actuation of an actuator for the ejection of ink is based around the utilization of material having a High Young's modulus.

In the preferred embodiment, materials are utilized for the ejection of ink which have a high bend efficiency when thermally heated. The inkjet printhead is constructed utilizing standard MEMS technology and therefore should utilize materials that are common in the construction of semi-conductor wafers. In the preferred embodiment, the materials have been chosen by using a bend efficiency for actuator devices which can be calculated in accordance with the following formula. ${{Bend}\quad {Efficiency}} = \frac{{Coefficient}\quad {of}\quad {Thermal}\quad {Expansion} \times {{Young}'}s\quad {Modulus}}{{Heat}\quad {Capacity} \times {Density}}$

Of course, different equations could be utilized and, in particular, the factors on the numerator and the denominator have been chosen for their following qualities.

Coefficient of thermal expansion: The greater the coefficient of thermal expansion, the greater will be the degree of movement for any particular heating of a thermal actuator.

Young's Modulus: The Young's modulus provides a measure of the tensile or compressive stress of a material and is an indicator of the “strength” of the bending movement. Hence, a material having a high Young's modulus or strength is desirable.

Heat capacity: In respect of the heat capacity, the higher the heat capacity, the greater the ability of material to absorb heat without deformation. This is an undesirable property in a thermal actuator.

Density: The denser the material the greater the heat energy required to heat the material and again, this is an undesirable property.

Example materials and their corresponding “Bend Efficiencies” are listed in the following table:

CTE Young's Heat *10⁻⁶/ modulus capacity Density “Bend MATERIAL K GPa W/Kg/C. Kg/M³ efficiency” Gold 14.2  80 129 19300 456 PTFE 770 1.3 1024   2130 459 Silicon Nitride  3.3 337 712  3200 488 Osmium  2.6 581 130 22570 515 Tantalum-  6.48 186 140 16660 517 Tungsten alloy Silver 18.9  71 235 10500 544 Platinum  8.8 177 133 21500 545 Copper 16.5 124 385  8960 593 Molybdenum  4.8 323 251 10200 606 Aluminium 23.1 28.9  897  2700 657 Nickel 13.4 206 444  8900 699 Tungsten  4.5 408 132 19300 721 Ruthenium  5.05 394 247 12410 1067  Stainless Steel 20.2 215 500  7850 1106  Iridium  6.8 549 130 22650 1268  High Silicon 31.5 130 376  8250 1320  Brass “Chromel D” 25.2 212 448  7940 1502  alloy Titanium  8.2 575 636  4450 1666  DiBoride Boron Carbide 10.1 454 955  2520 1905 

Utilizing the above equation, it can be seen that a suitable material is titanium diboride (TiB₂) which has a high bend efficiency and is also regularly used in semiconductor fabrication techniques. Although this material has a High Young's modulus, the coefficient of thermal expansion is somewhat lower than other possible materials. Hence, in the preferred embodiment, a fulcrum arrangement is utilized to substantially increase the travel of a material upon heating thereby more fully utilizing the effect of the High Young's modulus material.

Turning initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is illustrated a single nozzle arrangement 1 of an inkjet printhead constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment. FIG. 1 illustrates a side perspective view of the nozzle arrangement and FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the nozzle arrangement of FIG. 1. The single nozzle arrangement 1 can be constructed as part of an array of nozzle arrangements formed on a silicon wafer 2 utilizing standard MEM processing techniques. On top of the silicon wafer 2 is formed a CMOS layer 3 which can include multiple metal layers formed within glass layers in accordance with the normal CMOS methodologies.

The wafer 2 can contain a number of etched chambers eg. 33 the chambers being etched through the wafer utilizing a deep trench silicon etcher.

A suitable plasma etching process can include a deep anisotropic trench etching system such as that available from SDS Systems Limited (See “Advanced Silicon Etching Using High Density Plasmas” by J. K. Bhardwaj, H. Ashraf, page 224 of Volume 2639 of the SPIE Proceedings in Micro Machining and Micro Fabrication Process Technology).

The preferred embodiment 1 includes two arms 4,5 which operate in air and are constructed from a thin 0.3 micrometer layer of titanium diboride 6 on top of a much thicker 5.8 micron layer of glass 7. The two arms 4,5 are joined together and pivot around a point 9 which is a thin membrane forming an enclosure which in turn forms part of the nozzle chamber 10.

The arms 4 and 5 are affixed by posts 11,12 to lower aluminium conductive layers 14,15 which can form part of the CMOS layer 3. The outer surfaces of the nozzle chamber 18 can be formed from glass or nitride and provide an enclosure to be filled with ink. The outer chamber 18 includes a number of etchant holes e.g. 19 which are provided for the rapid sacrificial etchant of internal cavities during construction. A nozzle rim 20 is further provided around an ink ejection port 21 for the ejection of ink.

The paddle surface 24 is bent downwards as a result of release of the structure during fabrication. A current is passed through the titanium boride layer 6 to cause heating of this layer along arms 4 and 5. The heating generally expands the T₁B₂ layer of arms 4 and 5 which have a high young's modulus. This expansion acts to bend the arms generally downwards, which are in turn pivoted around the membrane 9. The pivoting results in a rapid upward movement of the paddle surface 24. The upward movement of the paddle surface 24 causes the ejection of ink from the nozzle chamber 21. The increase in pressure is insufficient to overcome the surface tension characteristics of the smaller etchant holes 19 with the result being that ink is ejected from the nozzle chamber hole 21.

As noted previously the thin titanium diboride strip 6 has a sufficiently high young's modulus so as to cause the glass layer 7 to be bent upon heating of the titanium diboride layer 6. Hence, the operation of the inkjet device can be as illustrated in FIGS. 3-5. In its quiescent state, the inkjet nozzle is as illustrated in FIG. 3, generally in the bent down position with the ink meniscus 30 forming a slight bulge and the paddle being pivoted around the membrane wall 9. The heating of the titanium diboride layer 6 causes it to expand. Subsequently, it is bent by the glass layer 7 so as to cause the pivoting of the paddle 24 around the membrane wall 9 as indicated in FIG. 4. This causes the rapid expansion of the meniscus 30 resulting in the general ejection of ink from the nozzle chamber 10. Next, the current to the titanium diboride layer is turned off and the paddle 24 returns to its quiescent state resulting in a general sucking back of ink via the meniscus 30 which in turn results in the ejection of a drop 31 on demand from the nozzle chamber 10.

Although many different alternatives are possible, the arrangement of the preferred embodiment can be constructed utilizing the following processing steps:

1. The starting wafer is a CMOS processed wafer with suitable electrical circuitry for the operation of an array of printhead nozzles and includes aluminium layer portions 14,15.

2. First, the CMOS wafer layer 3 can be etched down to the silicon wafer layer 2 in the area of an ink supply channel 34.

3. Next, a sacrificial layer can be constructed on top of the CMOS layer and planarized. A suitable sacrificial material can be aluminium. This layer is planarized, masked and etched to form cavities for the glass layer 7. Subsequently, a glass layer is deposited on top of the sacrificial aluminium layer and etched so as to form the glass layer 7 and a layer 13.

4. A titanium diboride layer 6 is then deposited followed by the deposition of a second sacrificial material layer, the material again can be aluminium, the layer subsequently being planarized.

5. The sacrificial etchant layer is then etched to form cavities for the deposition of the side walls eg. 9 of the top of the nozzle chamber 10.

6. A glass layer 52 is then deposited on top of the sacrificial layer and etched so as to form a roof of the chamber layer.

7. The rim 20 ink ejection port 21 and etchant holes e.g. 19 can then be formed in the glass layer 52 utilizing suitable etching processes.

8. The sacrificial aluminium layers are sacrificially etched away so as to release the MEMS structure.

9. The ink supply channels can be formed through the back etching of the silicon wafer utilizing a deep anisotropic trench etching system such as that available from Silicon Technology Systems. The deep trench etching systems can also be simultaneously utilized to separate printheads of a wafer which can then be mounted on an ink supply system and tested for operational capabilities.

Turning finally to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a portion of a printhead 40 showing a multi-colored series of inkjet nozzles suitably arranged to form a multi-colored printhead. The portion is shown, partially in section so as to illustrate the through wafer etching process

One form of detailed manufacturing process which can be used to fabricate monolithic ink jet printheads operating in accordance with the principles taught by the present embodiment can proceed utilizing the following steps:

1. Using a double sided polished wafer 2, complete drive transistors, data distribution, and timing circuits using a 0.5 micron, one poly, 2 metal CMOS process 3. Relevant features of the wafer at this step are shown in FIG. 8. For clarity, these diagrams may not be to scale, and may not represent a cross section though any single plane of the nozzle. FIG. 7 is a key to representations of various materials in these manufacturing diagrams, and those of other cross referenced ink jet configurations.

2. Etch oxide down to silicon or aluminum using Mask 1. This mask defines the in, inlet, channel 34, a heater contact vias, and the edges of the printhead chips. This step is shown in FIG. 9.

3. Deposit 1 micron of sacrificial material 50 (e.g. aluminum)

4. Etch the sacrificial layer using Mask 2, defining the nozzle chamber wall and the actuator anchor point. This step is shown in FIG. 10.

5. Deposit 3 microns of PECVD glass 13, and etch the glass 13 using Mask 3. This mask defines the actuator, the nozzle walls, and the actuator anchor points with the exception of the contact vias. The etch continues through to aluminum.

6. Deposit 0.5 microns of heater material 6, for example titanium nitride (TiN) or titanium diboride (TiB₂). This step is shown in FIG. 11.

7. Etch the heater material using Mask 4, which defines the actuator loop. This step is shown in FIG. 12.

8. Wafer probe. All electrical connections are complete at this point, bond pads are accessible, and the chips are not yet separated.

9. Deposit 8 microns of sacrificial material 51.

10. Etch the sacrificial material down to glass or heater material using Mask 5. This mask defines the nozzle chamber wall the side wall e.g. 9, and actuator anchor points. This step is shown in FIG. 13.

11. Deposit 3 microns of PECVD glass 52. This step is shown in FIG. 14.

12. Etch the glass 52 to a depth of 1 micron using Mask 6. This mask defines the nozzle rim 20. This step is shown in FIG. 15.

13. Etch down to the sacrificial layer using Mask 7. This mask defines the nozzle port 21 and the sacrificial etch access holes 19. This step is shown in FIG. 16.

14. Back-etch completely through the silicon wafer (with, for example, an ASE Advanced Silicon Etcher from Surface Technology Systems) using Mask 8. This mask defines the ink inlet channels 34 which are etched through the wafer. The wafer is also diced by this etch. This step is shown in FIG. 17.

15. Etch the sacrificial material. The nozzle chambers 10 are cleared, the actuators freed, and the chips are separated by this etch. This step is shown in FIG. 18.

16. Mount the printheads in their packaging, which may be a molded plastic former incorporating ink channels which supply the appropriate color ink to the ink inlets at the back of the wafer.

17. Connect the printheads to their interconnect systems. For a low profile connection with minimum disruption of airflow, TAB may be used. Wire bonding may also be used if the printer is to be operated with sufficient clearance to the paper.

18. Hydrophobize the front surface of the printheads.

19. Fill the completed printheads with ink 53 and test them. A filled nozzle is shown in FIG. 19.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The presently disclosed ink jet printing technology is potentially suited to a wide range of printing system including: color and monochrome office printers, short run digital printers, high speed digital printers, offset press supplemental printers, low cost scanning printers high speed pagewidth printers, notebook computers with in-built pagewidth printers, portable color and monochrome printers, color and monochrome copiers, color and monochrome facsimile machines, combined printer, facsimile and copying machines, label printers, large format plotters, photograph copiers, printers for digital photographic “minilabs”, video printers, PHOTO CD (PHOTO CD is a registered trade mark of the Eastman Kodak Company) printers, portable printers for PDAs, wallpaper printers, indoor sign printers, billboard printers, fabric printers, camera printers and fault tolerant commercial printer arrays.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per printhead, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth printheads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems.

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the printhead is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the printhead is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest printhead designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print'heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the printhead by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The printhead is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above which matches the docket numbers in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into ink jet printheads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables. 

We claim:
 1. A nozzle arrangement for an ink jet printhead, the nozzle arrangement comprising: nozzle chamber walls that define a nozzle chamber, the nozzle chamber being interconnected to an ink supply and an ink ejection port defined in one of the nozzle chamber walls; an ejection paddle for ejection ink from said ink ejection port; a thermal actuator mechanism comprising materials having a high young's modulus attached to the ejection paddle for actuating the ejection paddle and causing ink to be ejected; wherein the thermal actuator and the ejection paddle are pivotally mounted with respect to one of the nozzle chamber walls and positioned so that pivotal movement of the thermal actuator away from the ink ejection port results in pivotal movement of the ejection paddle towards the ink ejection port causing ink to be ejected from the ejection port, with the extent of movement of the election paddle being greater than an extent of movement of the thermal actuator.
 2. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the actuator mechanism is of a generally horseshoe shaped form.
 3. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the election paddle and thermal actuator extend through the nozzle chamber wall to be pivotal with respect thereto, the nozzle chamber wall comprising a thinned membrane.
 4. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the thermal actuator operates in an ambient atmosphere.
 5. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the nozzle chamber is constructed on a silicon wafer and the ink is supplied through the silicon wafer.
 6. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the thermal actuator is constructed from a thin conductive portion and a substantially thicker non conductive portion.
 7. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 6 wherein the thin conductive portion comprises substantially titanium diboride.
 8. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 6 wherein the thicker portion comprises substantially glass.
 9. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein one of the nozzle chamber walls has a number of small sacrificial etchant holes defined therein for utilization in construction of the arrangement, the holes being of sufficiently small diameter so as to prevent ink to be ejected therefrom.
 10. A nozzle arrangement as claimed in claim 1 which is constructed using micro electro mechanical systems techniques including a sacrificial etch and the ejection paddle is released in the sacrificial etch to be in a prefiring position. 